中医学辨证论治的过程即是一个问题解决的过程，其以“是什么、为什么、怎么办”的思维程序运作。拟定治疗决策前，须对患者的疾病体征进行认识与判断，然而这一认知过程深受学识与阅历的影响。现代实验室技术的介入，使得现今中医学家看到或知道了古代医家不可能知道的现象，而这些古代医家不可能知道的检测指标，为现代中医学家提供了一个新的思考层面，对病因病机的认识有了更多的发挥空间。本文以中医论治肝硬化为例，探寻现代实验室技术的介入对现代中医学家论治肝硬化的影响，其中发现古今中医学家对肝硬化是什么、为什么肝硬化、肝硬化怎么办等问题的认识上皆有一定差异。当人们的认识越能逼近肝硬化“是什么、为什么”本来面目时，相信就越能解决好“怎么办”的问题。

The proceeding of syndrome differentiation and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is like a problem-solving process, operated by the steps-- what is it, why does it form, and how do I do. Before making a treatment decision, a doctor needs to recognize all symptoms. However, the cognitive process is influenced by the doctor's previous knowledge and experience. Because of experimental techniques involved, TCM doctors today can see and understand the phenomenon which ancient doctors could not know. Besides, the laboratory test indices which ancient doctors could not know arouse new thinking and more interpretations of the etiology and pathogenesis for TCM doctors today. This paper would discuss the experimental techniques involved in changes of TCM treatment of liver cirrhosis as an example. It found that there were some kind of differences in understanding these issues between ancient and modern doctors, what is liver cirrhosis, why does it form, and how do I treat it. The more doctors' understandings close to the truth of what liver cirrhosis is and why it forms, the more efficaciously they resolve the problem, how to treat the disease.

国家自然科学基金委面上项目（81373770）：具身心智视域下的中医五行概念隐喻的认知心理语言逻辑研究，负责人：贾春华；国家自然科学基金委面上项目（81173464）：“观其脉证，知犯何逆，随证治之”的认知心理学研究与动态认知逻辑刻画，负责人：贾春华。