人痘接种术预防天花是中医学长期实践经验的结晶，也是烈性传染病人工免疫的先驱。人痘西传与牛痘东传，成为中、西医交流史上的辉煌篇章。该文简要回顾了人痘接种术的发明和传播，重新挖掘人痘接种术的发明和传播对中医药防治烈性传染病的启示意义。启示有三：其一，人痘接种术防治天花是中医学辨病论治的杰出成果，启示中医药的诊疗实践除了辨证论治外，辨病论治同样值得充分重视和全面挖掘。其二，人痘接种术不断走向规范化、标准化为其推广应用奠定了坚实基础，说明中医药传统诊疗技术/手段值得珍视，但仍迫切需要走规范化、标准化的发展之路。其三，人痘接种术西传和牛痘接种术东传，共同为消灭天花做出了杰出贡献，成为中、西医学交流史上的佳话，可见中、西医学的交流互鉴，是推动医学进步和发展的重要动力。

The prevention of smallpox by Chinese variolation art was the crystallization of long-term practice experience in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a pioneer in the artificial immunization of patients with severe infections. The transmission of human pox from The East to The West and vaccinia from The West to The East had become a brilliant chapter in the history of communication between Chinese and Western medicine. This paper briefly reviewed the invention and spread of Chinese variolation art, and re-excavated the enlightenment significance of the invention and dissemination of human pox vaccination on the prevention and treatment of severe infectious diseases with TCM. There are three enlightenments. Firstly, the prevention and treatment of smallpox by Chinese variolation art was an outstanding achievement in the disease differentiation in TCM. It enlightened that the practice of diagnosis and treatment of TCM, in addition to the differentiation and treatment of diseases, deserved equally attention and comprehensive excavation. Secondly, the continuous standardization and standardization of Chinese variolation art laid a solid foundation for its popularization and application, indicating that the traditional diagnosis and treatment techniques or means of TCM deserved to be valued, but there was still an urgent need to take a standardized and standardized development path. Thirdly, the western transmission of Chinese variolation art and the eastern transmission of vaccination had made outstanding contributions to the eradication of smallpox and become a good story in the history of Chinese and Western medical exchanges. It cloud be seen that the exchange of Chinese and Western medicine is an important driving force to promote the progress and development of medicine.

中国中医科学院基本科研业务费自主选题研究项目（YZ-202001）：新冠肺炎的中医理论认知研究，负责人：胡镜清。