微小核糖核酸（microRNA，miRNA）是广泛存在于病毒和真核生物体内的非编码RNA，可以从转录和转录后环节调控基因表达。近期研究显示，植物miRNA可以进入微生物、动物和人体内部，跨界调控基因表达，影响它们的生理病理过程。本文梳理了植物miRNA跨界调控的研究现状,从抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗炎、调节免疫、抗疲劳、抗纤维化、保护血管、保护神经等方面介绍了植物miRNA干预人类疾病的研究进展，总结了植物miRNA在体内外保持稳定的原因及其调控人类基因表达的机制。在此基础上，分析了植物miRNA跨界调控对挖掘中药新型药用活性成份及阐明中药药理的重要意义，指出“构建中药miRNA在人体内的复杂调控网络”和“探究中药miRNA调控人类基因表达的新机制”是两个值得深入研究的科学问题。

MicroRNA (miRNA), an important type of non-coding RNAs existing widely in viruses and eukaryotes, regulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent studies have demonstrated that plant miRNAs could enter microorganisms, animals and human bodies to affect their physiological and pathological processes by cross-kingdom regulation of gene expression. This review summarized the current knowledge of cross-kingdom regulation of gene expression by plant miRNAs, introduced the research progress in intervention of human diseases with plant miRNAs, including anti-virus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, immune regulation, anti-fatigue, anti-fibrosis, vascular protection, nerve protection, etc., and analyzed the reasons why plant miRNAs remain stable in vivo and in vitro and the underlying mechanisms how they regulate human gene expression. Furthermore, the impact of cross-kingdom regulation by plant miRNAs on exploring new active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbs and elucidating their pharmacology were evaluated. Finally, "constructing the complex regulatory network of traditional Chinese medicine miRNAs in human body" and "exploring new mechanisms of gene expression regulation by traditional Chinese medicine miRNAs" were pointed out, which were two scientific problems worthy of further investigation.

国家自然科学基金委员会面上项目 (82074144)：从3,29-二苯甲酰基栝楼仁二醇抑制胶原沉积与过度交联改善胃癌微环境的作用揭示祖国医学“从痰论治肿瘤”思想的科学内涵；内蒙古自治区教育厅高等学校科技创新团队项目（NMGIRT2327）：中西医结合抗肿瘤新药研发团队；内蒙古自然科学基金委员会杰出青年培育项目（2021JQ09）：从化痰中药天南星中的低聚肽抑制胶原重构的作用阐释“从痰论治肿瘤”思想的科学内涵。